6.9.2

# iLoc

Locator in SeisComP implemented by the plugin lociloc.

## Description

iLoc is a locator developed by István Bondár which has been integrated into SeisComP by gempa GmbH [28]. It is invoked by the wrapper plugin lociloc - the interface between SeisComP and iLoc. Read the sections Setup in SeisComP and Application in SeisComP for configuring and using iLoc in SeisComP.

### Background

iLoc is a locator tool for locating seismic, hydroacoustic and infrasound sources based on phase picks. iLoc is based on the location algorithm developed by Bondár and McLaughlin [34] and implemented at the International Seismological Center, (ISC [14], Bondár et al. [36]) with numerous new features added (Bondár et al. [36]). The stand-alone iLoc code can be downloaded from the software repository.

Among the major advantages of using iLoc is that it can

- Use any phases with valid travel-time predictions;

- Use seismic, hydroacoustic and infrasound arrival time, slowness and azimuth observations in location;

- Use travel-time predictions from a global 3D upper mantle velocity model;

- Use a local 1D velocity model;

- Account for the correlated travel-time prediction error structure due to unmodeled 3D velocity heterogeneities;

- Check if the data has sufficient resolution to determine the hypocenter depth;

- Identify ground truth (GT5) candidate events.

### History

- Originally developed for U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory, today the standard at the International Seismological Centre (ISC) replacing previous routines

- Open source, download website:

- Integrated first in SeisComP3 in 2019

- Basis of the EMSC crowd-source locator, CsLoc since 2019

- EMSC standard as of 2022

### iLoc in a nutshell

- Accounts for correlated travel-time prediction errors

- Initial hypocenter guess from Neighborhood Algorithm search

- Linearised inversion using a priori estimate of the full data covariance matrix Attempts for free-depth solution only if there is depth resolution

- Default depth is derived from historical seismicity

- Seismic, hydroacoustic and infrasound observations

- Arrival time, slowness and azimuth measurements

- Uses most ak135 or iasp91 Earth model phases in locating

- Integrated RSTT travel-time predictions

- RSTT is default for Pn/Sn and Pg/Lg

- Local velocity model and local phase TT predictions for Pg/Sg/Lg, Pb/Sb, Pn/Sn.

### Algorithms

This section describes some of the principles. The full description of the applied algorithms can be found in the iLoc documentation provided along with the package on the website.

#### Neighbourhood algorithm

Linearized inversion algorithms are quite sensitive to the initial guess. In order to find an initial hypocenter guess for the linearized inversion the Neigbourhood Algorithm (Sambridge [60]; Sambridge and Kennett [61]) is performed around the starting hypocentre if `iLoc.profile.$name.DoGridSearch` is active.

During the NA search, we identify the phases with respect to each trial hypocenter and calculate the misfit of the trial hypocenter. The misfit is defined as the sum of the `iLoc.profile.$name.NAlpNorm` residual and a penalty factor that penalizes against freakish local minima provided by just a few phases. In the first iteration `iLoc.profile.$name.NAinitialSample` hypocenter hypotheses are tested, while the subsequent iterations consider the best `iLoc.profile.$name.NAcells` solutions and resample the search space around them with `iLoc.profile.$name.NAnextSample` hypocenter hypotheses. The solution with the lowest misfit after `iLoc.profile.$name.NAiterMax` iteration is taken as the initial hypocenter for the linearized least squares inversion.

A grid search can be performed to obtain a better initial hypocenter guess. The search is performed around the starting hypocenter. For a very exhaustive search one can increase `iLoc.profile.$name.NAinitialSample`, `iLoc.profile.$name.NAnextSample` and `iLoc.profile.$name.NAcells` values. Note that the maximum value for `iLoc.profile.$name.NAinitialSample` is around 3500 before hitting memory limits.

An exhaustive search will considerably slow iLoc down, especially when RSTT predictions are enabled (`iLoc.profile.$name.UseRSTT`, `iLoc.profile.$name.UseRSTTPnSn`, `iLoc.profile.$name.UseRSTTPgLg`).

#### Depth resolution

Depth resolution can be provided by a local network, depth phases, core reflections and to a lesser extent near-regional secondary phases. iLoc attempts for a free-depth solution if the set of :term:arrivals meets at least one of the following conditions:

- Number of pairs of defining P and depth phases `iLoc.profile.$name.MinDepthPhases`

- Number of pairs of defining P and core phases `iLoc.profile.$name.MinCorePhases`

- Number of pairs of defining P and S phases `iLoc.profile.$name.MinSPpairs` within a regional distance of `iLoc.profile.$name.MaxLocalDistDeg` degree

- Number of defining P phases `iLoc.profile.$name.MinLocalStations` within a local distance of `iLoc.profile.$name.MinLocalStations` degree.

If there is insufficient depth resolution provided by the data, or the depth uncertainty for a free-depth solution exceeds a threshold, the hypocentre depth is set to the depth from the default depth grid if a grid point for the epicentre location exists; otherwise it is set to a depth Bolton et al. [33] assigned to the corresponding Flinn-Engdahl geographic region (Young et al. [66]). The default depth grid (Bondár and Storchak [37]) is defined on a 0.5º x 0.5º grid as the median of all depths in the cell, provided that there were at least five events in the cell, and the 75–25 percent quartile range was less than 100 km. The latter constraint is imposed to avoid regions with both shallow and deep seismicity. Anthropogenic events are fixed to the surface. Finally, the user can fix the depth to the initial depth.

iLoc reports back how the depth was determined in the FixedDepthType parameter:

- 0 - free depth solution

- 1 - airquake/deepquake, depth fixed to surface/MaxHypocenterDepth

- 2 - depth fixed to depth reported by an agency (not used in SeisComP)

- 3 - depth fixed to depth-phase depth

- 4 - anthropogenic event, depth fixed to surface

- 5 - depth fixed to default depth grid depth

- 6 - no default depth grid point exists, fixed to median reported depth

- 7 - no default depth grid point exists, fixed to GRN-dependent depth

- 8 - depth fixed by user provided value

#### Linearized inversion

Once the Neighbourhood search get close to the global optimum, iloc switches to an iterative linearized least-squares inversion of travel-time, azimuth and slowness observations (Bondár and McLaughlin [35]; Bondár and Storchak [37]) to obtain the final solution for the hypocenter.

The convergence test after (Paige and Saunders [54]) is applied after every iteration. Once a convergent solution is obtained, the location uncertainty is defined by the a posteriori model covariance matrix. The model covariance matrix yields the four-dimensional error ellipsoid whose projections provide the two-dimensional error ellipse and one-dimensional errors for depth and origin time. These uncertainties are scaled to the 90% confidence level (Jordan and Sverdrup [47]).

The final hypocentre is tested against the ground truth selection criteria (Bondár and McLaughlin [34]), and it is reported as a GT5candidate if the solution meets the GT5 criteria.

Some important parameters are:

- `iLoc.profile.$name.SigmaThreshold`: Residuals that exceed are made non-defining.

- `iLoc.profile.$name.MinNdefPhases`: Minimum number of observations required to attempt for a solution.

If the number of defining arrival times exceed `iLoc.profile.$name.MinNdefPhases`, then slowness observations will not be used in the location.

### Integration into SeisComP

- Integration of iLoc into SeisComP is provided by an external library of routines ().

- SeisComP modules call iLoc routines by passing the objects via the plugin lociloc installed in `@DATADIR@/plugins/lociloc.so`.

- iLoc returns objects to SeisComP for integration.

- The iLoc implementation in SeisComP retains all original iLoc functionalities.

Read the section Setup in SeisComP for the installation of the iLoc library and the configuration in SeisComP.

### Velocity models

iLoc ships with the global models iasp91 and ak135 as well as with regional seismic travel-time tables, RSTT, which, if activated by configuration, replaces the global models in areas where they are defined.

#### Global models

The global models iasp91 and ak135 and RSTT are available by default without further configuration.

#### RSTT

RSTT are available in `@DATADIR@/iloc/RSTTmodels/pdu202009Du.geotess`. Custom RSTT can be integrated into iLoc and provided to SeisComP. For adding custom RSTT to iLoc read the original iLoc documentation from the software repository.

The usage of RSTT is controlled per iLoc profile by global configuration parameters

- `iLoc.profile.$name.UseRSTT`

- `iLoc.profile.$name.UseRSTTPnSn`

- `iLoc.profile.$name.UseRSTTPgLg`

#### Local velocity models

Custom local velocity models can be provided by a file in `@DATADIR@/iloc/localmodels`. Example file `@DATADIR@/iloc/localmodels/test.localmodel.dat`:

    #
    # test
    #
    # number of layers
    4
         0.000    5.8000    3.4600 x
        20.000    6.5000    3.8500 CONRAD
        45.000    8.0400    4.4800 MOHO
        77.500    8.0400    4.4800 x

Once added, the velocity can be configured in SeisComP as set out in section Setup in SeisComP.

### Station elevation

iLoc considers station elevation. It calculates the elevation correction, elevationCorrection, for a station as

where

- elev: elevation of the station

- p: the ray parameter (horizontal slowness)

- surfVel: layer P or S velocity of at the surface depending on the last lag of the phase name.

Note

iLoc does not allow airquakes or source locations above datum (0 km). If the depth of an origin becomes negative, iLoc fixes the depth to 0 km and the depth type of the origin will be “operator assigned”.

### Resources

iLoc has taken advantage of many publications or has been cited therein. Read the section References for a list.

## Setup in SeisComP

1. Add the plugin lociloc to the global configuration, e.g. in `@SYSTEMCONFIGDIR@/global.cfg`:

       plugins = ${plugins}, lociloc

2. Install the dependencies missing for iLoc. For download, the system variable SEISCOMP_ROOT must be defined which you may wish to test first:

       echo $SEISCOMP_ROOT

   In case the variable is undefined, follow the instructions in section getting-started-variables.

   After $SEISCOMP_ROOT is defined you may install the software dependencies for iLoc using the install scripts or simply the seiscomp script:

       seiscomp install-deps iloc

   The install scripts will fetch auxiliary files from and install them in `@DATADIR@/iloc/iLocAuxDir`. For manual download and installation read the install scripts located in `@DATADIR@/deps/[os]/[version]/install-iloc.sh`.

   Note

   - Check the website for updates before downloading the file since the version number, hence the name of the download file may change.

   - Instead of generating the `SEISCOMP_ROOT/share/iloc/iLocAuxDir` directory, you can also manually install the dependencies somewhere else, create a symbolic link and maintain always the same iLoc version in SeisComP and externally.

3. Add and configure iLoc profiles for the velocity models. The global models iasp91 and ak135 are considered by default with default configuration parameters even without setting up iasp91/ak135 profiles. You may, however, create these profiles for their customization.

   Create new profiles or consider existing ones for adjusting their configuration:

   - `iLoc.profile.$name.globalModel`: The name of the global model, e.g. iasp91 or ak135.

   - Consider the RSTT parameters.

   - `iLoc.profile.$name.LocalVmodel`, `iLoc.profile.$name.UseLocalTT` and `iLoc.profile.$name.MaxLocalTTDelta`: The definition of a local velocity model: model file, default usability, distance range.

   - `iLoc.profile.$name.DoNotRenamePhases`: Renaming seismic phases automatically impacts the usability of the origins with other locators and locator profiles. Activate the parameter to avoid phase renaming.

   - Consider the remaining parameters.

   Note

   Creating the profiles allows using the same global velocity model along with different local models or RSTT settings in separate profiles.

4. Test the locator using scolv or configure with screloc or other locator modules.

## Application in SeisComP

Once the lociloc plugin is configured, the iLoc locator can be applied

- Automatically e.g. in screloc or

- Interactively in scolv.

For using iLoc in scolv select it in the locator menu of the Location tab

Select iLoc locator

along with a profile:

Select iLoc profile

The parameters for iLoc can be adjusted by pressing the wrench button next to the locator selection combo box

Start the settings dialog

which opens the iLoc settings dialog:

Adjust the settings and click OK to confirm

Warning

By default, automatic phase renaming by iLoc is active. The renaming may change the phase names, e.g. from P to Pn.

Renaming seismic phases automatically will later impact the usability of the new origins with other locators and locator profiles. Deactivate DoNotRenamePhases to avoid phase renaming.

However, when deactivating, iLoc may not provide results if the initial phases do not exist in the phase table for the given source depth and epicentral distance. Example: For great source depth and small epicentral distance, the first arrival phase is p or Pn and not P but SeisComP provides P.

After relocating, the iLoc locator and the selected profile are shown in the scolv Location tab as Method and Earth model, respectively:

Information in scolv Locator tab

## Module Configuration

Note

iLoc.* Locator parameters: iLoc

iLoc.auxDir

  Default: `@DATADIR@/iloc/iLocAuxDir`

  Type: string

  iLoc directory for auxialiary files and directories. Some of them must be provided from the iLoc website. Read the documentation for their installation.

iLoc.usePickUncertainties

  Default: `false`

  Type: boolean

  Whether to use pick time uncertainties (true) or to use the default timing error (false).

iLoc.defaultTimeError

  Default: `9999999`

  Type: double

  Unit: s

  The default pick time error forwarded to iLoc if no pick time uncertainties are set or if using the pick time uncertainties is disabled.

iLoc.profiles

  Default: `iasp91,ak135`

  Type: list:string

  iLoc profile name. Multiples names may be set separated by comma. Each profile can have different velocity or parameters.

Note

iLoc.profile.* Profiles containing the specific locator parameters. For the global models, iasp91 and ak135, profiles are automatically considered with defaults. To adjust the profile parameters the corresponding profile must be created.

Note

iLoc.profile.$name.* $name is a placeholder for the name to be used and needs to be added to `iLoc.profiles` to become active.

    iLoc.profiles = a,b
    iLoc.profile.a.value1 = ...
    iLoc.profile.b.value1 = ...
    # c is not active because it has not been added
    # to the list of iLoc.profiles
    iLoc.profile.c.value1 = ...

iLoc.profile.$name.Verbose

  Default: `true`

  Type: boolean

iLoc.profile.$name.globalModel

  Type: string

  Name of globally applied velocity model into which RSTT or the local model is integrated. If unset, the name of the profile is considered instead.

iLoc.profile.$name.UseRSTT

  Default: `false`

  Type: boolean

  Use regional seismic travel-time tables

iLoc.profile.$name.UseRSTTPnSn

  Default: `true`

  Type: boolean

  Use regional seismic travel-time tables for Pn and Sn

iLoc.profile.$name.UseRSTTPgLg

  Default: `true`

  Type: boolean

  Use regional seismic travel-time tables for Pg and Lg

iLoc.profile.$name.UseLocalTT

  Default: `false`

  Type: boolean

  Use local velocity model if defined in LocalVmodel.

iLoc.profile.$name.LocalVmodel

  Type: string

  Full path to a file containing the local velocity model. Requires: UseLocalTT = true. Empty string or unset or UseLocalTT = false disables using a local model in this profile.

  Example:

  @DATADIR@/iloc/iLocAuxDir/localmodels/model.localmodel.dat.

iLoc.profile.$name.MaxLocalTTDelta

  Default: `3`

  Type: float

  Unit: deg

  Maximum epicentral distance for applying the local velocity model.

iLoc.profile.$name.DoGridSearch

  Default: `true`

  Type: boolean

  Perform neighbourhood algorithm

iLoc.profile.$name.NAsearchRadius

  Default: `5`

  Type: float

  Unit: deg

  Neighbourhood Algorithm: Search radius around initial epicentre

iLoc.profile.$name.NAsearchDepth

  Default: `300`

  Type: float

  Unit: km

  Neighbourhood Algorithm: Search radius around initial depth

iLoc.profile.$name.NAsearchOT

  Default: `30`

  Type: float

  Unit: s

  Neighbourhood Algorithm: Search radius around initial origin time

iLoc.profile.$name.NAlpNorm

  Default: `1`

  Type: float

  Neighbourhood Algorithm: p-value for norm to compute misfit [1,2]

iLoc.profile.$name.NAiterMax

  Default: `5`

  Type: integer

  Neighbourhood Algorithm: Maximum number of iterations

iLoc.profile.$name.NAcells

  Default: `25`

  Type: integer

  Neighbourhood Algorithm: Number of cells to be resampled at each iteration

iLoc.profile.$name.NAinitialSample

  Default: `1000`

  Type: integer

  Neighbourhood Algorithm: Size of initial sample

iLoc.profile.$name.NAnextSample

  Default: `100`

  Type: integer

  Neighbourhood Algorithm: Size of subsequent samples

iLoc.profile.$name.MinDepthPhases

  Default: `3`

  Type: integer

  Depth resolution: Minimum number of depth phases for depdp

iLoc.profile.$name.MaxLocalDistDeg

  Default: `0.2`

  Type: float

  Unit: deg

  Depth resolution: Maximum local distance

iLoc.profile.$name.MinLocalStations

  Default: `1`

  Type: integer

  Depth resolution: Minimum number of local defining stations

iLoc.profile.$name.MaxSPDistDeg

  Default: `2.0`

  Type: float

  Unit: deg

  Depth resolution: Maximum distance for using S-P travel-time differences.

iLoc.profile.$name.MinSPpairs

  Default: `3`

  Type: integer

  Depth resolution: Minimum number of defining S-P phase pairs

iLoc.profile.$name.MinCorePhases

  Default: `3`

  Type: integer

  Depth resolution: Minimum number of defining core reflection phases

iLoc.profile.$name.MaxShallowDepthError

  Default: `30.0`

  Type: float

  Unit: km

  Depth resolution: Maximum depth error for crustal free-depth

iLoc.profile.$name.MaxDeepDepthError

  Default: `60.0`

  Type: float

  Unit: km

  Depth resolution: Maximum depth error for deep free-depth

iLoc.profile.$name.DoCorrelatedErrors

  Default: `true`

  Type: boolean

  Linearized inversion: Account for correlated errors

iLoc.profile.$name.SigmaThreshold

  Default: `6.0`

  Type: float

  Unit: s

  Linearized inversion: Used to exclude big residuals from solution

iLoc.profile.$name.AllowDamping

  Default: `true`

  Type: boolean

  Linearized inversion: Allow damping of model vector

iLoc.profile.$name.MinIterations

  Default: `4`

  Type: integer

  Linearized inversion: Minimum number of iterations

iLoc.profile.$name.MaxIterations

  Default: `20`

  Type: integer

  Linearized inversion: Maximum number of iterations

iLoc.profile.$name.MinNdefPhases

  Default: `4`

  Type: integer

  Linearized inversion: Minimum number of defining phases

iLoc.profile.$name.DoNotRenamePhases

  Default: `false`

  Type: boolean

  Linearized inversion: Do not rename phases. Deactivating allows to rename the phases automatically for this profile.